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Dual-Pipeline ML Architecture: GPU vs CPU for High-Volume Inference

Designed and implemented a dual-pipeline architecture that routes ML inference workloads to GPU or CPU based on batch size, achieving 75% cost reduction on large batches and 80% latency improvement on small requests.

ML Classification PlatformSaaS / Machine Learning
10 min read
12/5/2024
Key Results
Large Batch Cost
$0.003/item
75% reduction (from $0.012)
Small Batch Latency (p99)
8 seconds
82% faster (from 45s)
Demo Response Time
15 seconds
90% faster (from 2-3 min)

Designed and implemented a dual-pipeline architecture that routes ML inference workloads to GPU or CPU based on batch size, achieving 75% cost reduction on large batches and 80% latency improvement on small requests.

$0.003/item
Large Batch Cost
75% reduction (from $0.012)
8 seconds
Small Batch Latency (p99)
82% faster (from 45s)
15 seconds
Demo Response Time
90% faster (from 2-3 min)

The Challenge

A high-volume ML classification platform processed millions of text documents through multiple NLP models. The existing single-pipeline architecture using SageMaker Serverless couldn't efficiently serve both real-time demo requests and large enterprise batch jobs.

Linear cost scaling with no economies of scale for large batches
SageMaker Serverless 200 request concurrency limit causing timeouts
Large enterprise batch jobs blocking demo and trial requests
Processing time scaling linearly with batch size
Enterprise clients with large batches becoming unprofitable
Cascading failures from resource contention between workload types

Our Approach

Designed a dual-pipeline system with intelligent routing based on batch size and account type. GPU pipeline handles large batches with scale-to-zero economics, while CPU pipeline provides zero cold start for small requests and demos.

AWS SageMaker Async InferenceSageMaker ServerlessAWS LambdaAmazon SQSDynamoDBAurora RDSTerraformCloudWatchEventBridge

Implementation Timeline

Total Duration: 8 weeks end-to-end implementation

1

Workload Analysis

2 weeks

  • Traffic pattern analysis revealing bimodal distribution
  • Cost modeling for GPU vs CPU at different batch sizes
  • Latency requirements mapping by customer segment
  • Threshold determination for pipeline routing
2

GPU Pipeline Development

2 weeks

  • SageMaker Async Inference endpoint configuration
  • S3-based payload handling for large batches
  • CloudWatch alarm-triggered GPU scaling
  • EventBridge cron jobs for idle detection and scale-down
3

CPU Pipeline Development

2 weeks

  • SageMaker Serverless endpoint deployment
  • Synchronous inference Lambda functions
  • Demo and trial account fast-path routing
  • Concurrency controls for downstream protection
4

Shared Infrastructure

2 weeks

  • DynamoDB migration for high-throughput writes
  • Aurora RDS setup for analytics with eventual consistency
  • SQS queue architecture with dead letter queues
  • CloudWatch dashboards and Slack alerting

Technical Architecture

Dual-pipeline ML inference architecture with intelligent routing, GPU scale-to-zero, and shared services for cost-optimized high-volume processing.

SageMaker Async Inference for GPU batch processing
SageMaker Serverless for CPU real-time inference
CloudWatch + EventBridge for GPU auto-scaling
DynamoDB for high-throughput state management
Aurora RDS for analytics with eventual consistency
SQS queues with concurrency controls between services

Results & Impact

$0.003/item
Large Batch Cost
75% reduction (from $0.012)
8 seconds
Small Batch Latency (p99)
82% faster (from 45s)
15 seconds
Demo Response Time
90% faster (from 2-3 min)
500K items/hour
Maximum Throughput
10x increase (from 50K)
2
Failed Jobs Per Day
91% reduction (from 23)
Near zero
GPU Idle Cost
Scale-to-zero during off-hours

Business Benefits

Enterprise batch clients transformed from unprofitable to highest-margin segment
Sales demos no longer blocked by production batch workloads
Trial conversion improved due to faster initial experience
On-call incidents reduced through proactive queue depth alerting
GPU costs eliminated during nights and weekends via scale-to-zero
Right-sized infrastructure prevents expensive GPU usage for small requests
The dual-pipeline architecture solved what seemed like an impossible problem. We now deliver sub-second responses for demos while processing enterprise batches at a fraction of the previous cost. The GPU scale-to-zero alone saves us thousands monthly.
Engineering Lead
ML Platform Team

Key Learnings

Bimodal workloads require bimodal infrastructure, not averaged optimization
GPU cold start (6-7 min) is acceptable when amortized across large batch jobs
DynamoDB horizontal scaling solved RDS write concurrency limits
Queue depth alerting predicts failures before customer impact
Separate queues per microservice enable independent scaling tuning

Recommendations

Analyze traffic patterns to identify bimodal distributions before architecture decisions
Set SQS visibility timeout to 2x worst-case processing time
Use DynamoDB for writes and RDS for reads when both patterns exist
Implement circuit breakers early to prevent cascading failures
Build cost tracking dashboards before optimization to measure impact
ML InfrastructureGPUSageMakerAWSCost OptimizationServerless

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